The Environmental Protection Agency will roll out two strict air pollution rules in the coming months, encompassing factories as well as utilities. The first, a Clean Air Interstate Rule, will impose tighter caps on emissions of nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide. The latter, a Clean Air Mercury Rule, will require plants to install cutting-edge pollution control technology. Both replace regulations set by President Bush’s EPA and subsequently overturned by court rulings.
EPA will likely propose the interstate rule in the spring and finalize it by year-end. This regulation will apply tighter, nationwide caps on emissions of nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide from all stationary sources, rather than focusing on power plants in the eastern U.S., as in the previous version. In addition, the caps will apply year-round rather than only during the peak smog period of May through September.
Last month, the Obama administration proposed a new smog standard that would lower the maximum concentration of ground-level ozone in an eight-hour period to between 60 and 70 parts per billion, down from the 75 ppb set by the Bush administration. Public health experts anticipate that a stricter smog standard would save thousands of lives per year that would otherwise be lost to heart or lung disease. But states and municipalities will find it difficult, if not impossible, to comply while plants emit nitrous oxide -- a major component of smog -- at current levels.
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“If ever we needed a strong interstate standard from EPA, it’s now,” says S. William Becker, executive director of the National Association of Clean Air Agencies, an organization representing air pollution control agencies in 53 states and territories and more than 165 metropolitan areas. Becker anticipates that the new interstate rule will give states and localities the additional help they need to meet the new ambient air quality levels.
Utilities and refiners counter that the plan will not only raise their costs -- and with them, the prices of electricity and gasoline -- but that it is not likely to work. They claim that they are already doing everything they can to hold down emissions, and upward of 300 counties still can’t meet even the Bush smog standard. States and localities will have to clamp down on dry cleaners, bakers, auto body repair shops and other small businesses in order to make further reductions.
Jeffrey R. Holmstead, who served as EPA assistant administrator for air and radiation under President Bush, says that Southern California has done more than any other region of the country to clean up its air since the 1950s. As a result, most heavy manufacturing has left the area. Ground-level ozone has declined to roughly 120 ppb. He says it may drop as low as 105 ppb as newer diesel engines replace older ones, but it will be difficult to do more. The same holds for much of the Eastern seaboard. “There is no way in our lifetime they can come into compliance,” says Holmstead, “and yet under the Clean Air Act, they will be under a legal obligation.”
Complicating matters further, the Obama administration is struggling to develop an emissions trading program that will allow sources unable to comply to buy credits from sources in other states that have cut their emissions beyond what’s required. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit struck down the Bush interstate rule’s cap and trade mechanism as a violation of the Clean Air Act, but cutting air pollution without such emissions trading would be much costlier.
The new Clean Air Mercury Rule -- which the EPA will propose by March 2011 and finalize that November -- will carry its own costs. Coal-fired power plants will have to install cutting-edge scrubbers and other pollution control technology to get rid of mercury emissions, which can cause neurological damage and birth defects. As a side benefit, the mandated pollution controls would also reduce emissions of arsenic, lead, hydrogen chloride and other toxic substances. Power companies in Illinois, Massachusetts and New York are already using such technology and have reduced their mercury emissions more than 90%. Odds are, though, that because of the high costs, utilities will shutter many of their smaller or older coal-fired plants rather than upgrade them.
Depending on how the EPA defines electric generating units, the mercury rule may catch factories along with power plants. Some industrial facilities utilize a process known as cogeneration. The process takes any thermal energy generated by the manufacturing process that might otherwise be wasted and recycles it, either as heat or electrical power. There’s a good chance that EPA will apply the regulation to industrial boilers as well as electric power generators. If it does, there won’t be a single sector of manufacturing left untouched.
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