Invest in a Roth 401(k) If You Can

If your employer offers a Roth option in your 401(k), it's a great idea to invest in it, or at least consider investing a portion of your 401(k) contribution in the Roth. Contributions to a Roth 401(k) won't reduce your tax bill now. While pretax salary goes into a regular 401(k), after-tax money funds the Roth. But as with Roth IRAs, withdrawals from Roth 401(k)s are tax- and penalty-free as long as you've had the account for five years and are at least 59½ when you take the money out.

Because there are no income limits on Roth 401(k) contributions, these accounts provide a way for high earners to invest in a Roth without converting a traditional IRA. In 2021, you can contribute up to $19,500 to a Roth 401(k), a traditional 401(k) or a combination of the two. Workers 50 or older can contribute up to $26,000 annually.

If you get matching funds from your employer, they go into a traditional pretax 401(k) account. However, a proposal in the Securing a Strong Retirement Act, which has been nicknamed the SECURE Act 2.0, would allow workers to have employer matching contributions invested in a Roth 401(k). The House Ways and Means Committee has approved the bill, though it still needs to be voted on by both chambers of Congress.

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Consider the Benefits of a Roth 401(k)

Younger workers stand to gain the most from investing in a Roth 401(k) because they will enjoy many years of tax-free growth.

But older workers can benefit, too. Consider this example from Fidelity Investments: Tom and Elaine, both 45, contribute $5,000 to their 401(k) plans. Tom contributes to a traditional 401(k) plan, while Elaine contributes to a Roth. They continue to work into their seventies and don't take withdrawals until they're 75. If their tax rates and investment returns remain equal, Tom will end up with $27,404, after paying taxes on the withdrawal, while Elaine will have $38,061 tax-free (this example assumes a 7% annual rate of return and a 28% tax bracket). Even if Tom invested the $1,400 in tax savings he enjoyed by investing pretax money in the taxable account, he'd still lag Elaine by $2,616.

If you expect your tax bracket to decline when you retire, the Roth 401(k) loses some of its appeal, but it's still the superior option for many savers—even those who are close to retirement. If you take withdrawals from taxable and tax-deferred accounts and leave the money in the Roth for decades, tax-free earnings will continue to pile up.

If you plan to withdraw money from the Roth within 10 years and you expect your tax bracket to drop significantly in retirement, then you might come out ahead with a traditional 401(k) plan. But you'd lose the flexibility to take tax-free withdrawals for major expenses, such as home repairs or medical bills. And a large withdrawal from a tax-deferred account will increase your taxable income, which could affect everything from taxes on your Social Security benefits to the size of your Medicare premiums. Those worries disappear with a Roth because withdrawals are tax-free.

Although the rules require owners to take distributions from Roth 401(k)s starting at age 72, you can get around that by simply rolling the Roth account tax-free into a Roth IRA.

Should You Convert Your Traditional 401(k) to a Roth 401(k)?

The law now allows employees to convert funds from a traditional 401(k) plan to a Roth 401(k), if the plan allows it. About half of employers offer a Roth 401(k), according to 2017 data from Transamerica Center for Retirement Studies.

You'll have to pay taxes in the year you convert, just as you would if you converted a traditional IRA to a Roth. Plus, a large conversion could bump you into a higher tax bracket. Note that unlike converting from a traditional IRA to a Roth, you can't change your mind and undo a 401(k) conversion to a Roth.