Mention the word innovation in a conversation about the economy and the ears of most people -- investors and consumers alike -- will perk up. Think pharmaceuticals and anti-depressant drugs, IT and the iPhone, automobiles and hybrids. But you’re likely to get a dismissive sneer if you bring up the topic of financial innovation. Little wonder, considering the toxic fallout from collateralized debt obligations, credit default swaps, option ARMs and other so-called innovations.
The recent record is so dismaying that Paul Volcker, the legendary former head of the Federal Reserve Board, was driven to ask of financiers in 2009 how many innovations could they come up with that were “as important to the individual as the automatic teller machine, which in fact is more of a mechanical than a financial one?” Good question.
The answer is that much of what passes for financial innovation is little more than the clever relabeling of money so that corporations, government and financial institutions can evade regulatory restrictions. The mathematically sophisticated trading strategies dreamed up by Wall Street financial engineers are often fancy ways of making spectacular leveraged bets.
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What gains have we made?
Nevertheless, from the perspective of the past several decades, Volcker’s dismissive comment was too harsh. Financial innovations have improved everyday household finance. Among the more important innovations are credit cards and debit cards, money market mutual funds and equity index mutual funds, Treasury inflation-protected securities (TIPS) and exchange traded funds (ETFs), and Mint.com and other online financial services. Taken altogether, these products have made it easier to manage money and save smartly.
But when it comes to personal finance, well, you ain’t seen nothin’ yet. Thanks to the potent combination of an aging population, the competitive pressures of globalization and advances in IT, individuals have been forced to take greater responsibility for everything in recent decades -- from saving for retirement to paying for college.
The future will be all about simplification. The financial-services industry has created a dizzying set of products and services for dealing with household risk and responsibilities. From now on, the innovation mantra will be managing these risks comprehensively, from hedging against a drop in income to making sure you’ll never run out of money to monitoring household finances with a tap of a finger. The financial wizardry underlying these products lies on the frontiers of knowledge, but the products will be easy for ordinary people to use, with no hidden charges. Robert Shiller, economist at Yale University and an inventive architect for a new risk-management infrastructure, aptly calls the next phase of financial innovation “the democratization of risk management.”
Closing the retirement gap
Take retirement. We all know that Americans are getting older and living longer. There’s a growing concern that many people haven’t saved enough in recent decades, as employers have traded in traditional pensions for voluntary 401(k) plans with uncertain returns. The consultants at McKinsey & Co. estimate that the average couple will fall $250,000 short of what they need to live on after they retire. Worse yet, prospective retirees are finding it even more difficult to figure out how much they should withdraw from retirement savings accounts into their old age. Live too high on the hog at first and you could end up struggling later on. Hoard your cash and you won’t outlive your assets, but what kind of life is that?
The outline of a very difficult calculus is emerging. There’s a ferment of activity among Wall Street gurus, finance scholars, benefits consultants and others to create tailored retirement portfolios that offer savers a real long-term return based on their answers to a few questions -- on income and retirement age, for example. When it comes time to leave work behind, lifetime income annuities will provide a hedge not only against inflation, but also health care costs. You’ll get automatic updates on your inflation-adjusted portfolio and standard of living on your mobile phone. “We need straightforward financial markets that allow us to hedge all kinds of risk,” says Lawrence Kotlikoff, economist at Boston University and founder of ESPlanner, a software financial-planning firm.
There are tantalizing early-generation glimpses at what will become routine down the road. The three-decade-old investment firm Dimensional, built on cutting-edge academic finance theories on markets and investing, launched Dimensional Managed DC this year. It will design portfolios for employees to provide them with an inflation-protected income stream for life, after they answer a series of questions about their income and retirement goals. ESPlanner has developed a program that combines TIPS and equity index funds to put a floor on retiree living standards.
There are also proposals for the federal government to issue inflation-adjusted annuities to retirees, as well as annuities that hedge against health and long-term care spending risks. “If simple products for fully addressing longevity, credit, inflation, and other risks existed, you could spend less time worrying about retirement security and more time on such useful things as exercising, starting companies, and helping charities,” says Henry Hu, law professor at the University of Texas, Austin.
Information technologies will make it easier for households to monitor their savings, investments, loans, real estate, and life insurance on a real-time basis. Right now, most of us have such information scattered in different places, although the software-literate and financially organized can come pretty close to bringing it all together. But those people are the exception, not the rule. Putting all aspects of household finances in one place will improve everyday money management. “It isn’t about more choice,” says Paul Saffo, managing director of foresight at the Silicon Valley firm Discern Analytics. “It’s about greater insight.”
Another revolution is nigh
Personal finance is still in a state reminiscent of the personal computer in the late ’80s and early ’90s. Back then it took a deep knowledge of programming and software to tap into the PC’s potential. Now, with the iPad, even the technologically challenged can accomplish highly sophisticated tasks with the touch of a finger. A similar transformation -- call it iPad finance -- is happening in personal finance. It’s about time.
Contributing columnist Chris Farrell is economics editor for American Public Media’s weekly Marketplace Money show and author of The New Frugality.
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