The Psychology Behind Your Worst Investment Decisions

Fear of Missing Out

Like sheep, investors often take their cues from other investors and sometimes follow one another right over a market cliff. This herd mentality stems from a fear of missing out.

Whether it's GameStop, bitcoin or some other market fad, people often snap up an investment, not for its underlying value, but because they see everyone else buying it. "FOMO is crushing folks," says Rich Jones, Mountain View, Calif.-based founder of Paychecks and Balances, a career and personal finance podcast. "It's causing folks to break discipline. Whatever investing philosophy they previously adopted, a lot of folks are responding to what they're hearing from social media and the news."

To make matters worse, the COVID-19 pandemic ushered in a whole crew of novice investors, says Allison Schrager, senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute and author of An Economist Walks Into a Brothel: And Other Unexpected Places to Understand Risk (Portfolio, $16.) "Throughout the pandemic, people who never invested at all are personally day trading or buying bitcoin." Although Schrager approves of people taking an interest in investing, she's no fan of risky behavior. "You know it's bad now when you have people on TikTok giving financial advice, and they're just sharing momentum strategies."

The remedy: By the time you invest in whatever is trending, it's too late because professional investors trade the instant that news breaks. Individual investors should buy and sell based on the fundamentals of an investment, not the hype, Jones says.

Overconfidence

Some investors tend to overestimate their abilities. They believe they know better than everyone else about what the market is going to do next, says Aradhana Kejriwal, chartered financial analyst and founder of Practical Investment Consulting in Atlanta. "We want to believe we know the future. Our brains crave certainty."

Some people are so confident that they'll buy a stock right before an earnings call, expecting that the price will rise after the call and they can ride the wave. "That can be dangerous," Jones says. "If that stock falls, you find yourself in a place where you might be stuck with that money in that stock, waiting to get back to the baseline or whatever level is an acceptable loss."

Some investors even believe they know better than the evidence suggests. One of Kejriwal's clients is convinced that President Joe Biden's plan to increase taxes will trigger a market crash, but that's not what the data show. "The year before a tax increase, stocks [went] up 12 out of 13 times since 1939," Kejriwal says.

The remedy: To combat overconfidence, build in a delay before you buy or sell an investment so that the decision is made rationally. "Don't just act immediately, take time to consider things," Bhalla suggests. Wait a week and then see if you still want to buy or sell.

Living in an Echo Chamber

Overconfidence sometimes goes hand in hand with confirmation bias, which is the tendency to seek out only information that confirms our beliefs. Remember the dot.com craze from 20 years ago? Investors bid up the shares of internet companies, many with no earnings or hard assets, before losing their money when the bubble burst. We saw the same behavior a few years later with real estate, which also ended badly.

If we think an asset holds promise for riches, news about people making money sticks in our minds more than negative news, which we tend to dismiss. "You're going to confirm your preconceptions," Kejriwal says. An endless stream of news and opinions online makes it easy to find something that reinforces your views. "Say somebody thinks bitcoin is a good investment, they can get a lot of information that supports buying bitcoin, whether blogs or podcasts or YouTube videos," Bhalla says.

The remedy: To counteract this bias, actively seek out information that contradicts your thesis. "Look for twice the articles that oppose your viewpoint to make sure you consider both sides of it before making a decision," he says. You could also imagine that you're advising a friend on the investment and what you'd say that they should do to protect their interests.

Loss Aversion

Our brains feel pain more strongly than they experience pleasure. As a result, we tend to act more irrationally to avoid losses than we do to pursue gains. "Losing $100 feels twice as bad as gaining $100," Bhalla says. "When markets are going down, we want to sell because we're worried about losing even more." Similarly, when you're shopping, you pay more attention to one negative review on Amazon than the hundreds of positive reviews for a seller or product. "So often, we lean into the negative things we've experienced, and that shapes the way we think about investing," says Chris Browning, founder and host of the Popcorn Finance podcast.

The remedy: Stock market losses, however, are inevitable. "No risk, no reward is a cliché, but for some reason we never internalize it," notes Schrager. If seeing the losses pile up in a down market is too hard for you, simply don't look. Have faith in your long-term investing strategy, and check your portfolio less often. "Constantly checking and looking at what you're invested in may cause more stress," Browning says. "The market is so volatile, and it doesn't move logically."

No Patience for Sitting Idly By

As humans, we're wired for action. Sitting on our hands feels uncomfortable. That compulsion to act is known as action bias, and it's one reason individual investors can't outperform the market -- we tend to trade too often. Doing so not only incurs trading fees and commissions, which eat into returns, but more often than not, we realize losses and miss out on potential gains. "You get into the loop of selling at the low point and buying at the high point," Kejriwal says.

The remedy: Investors need to play the long game. Resist trading just for the sake of making a decision, and just buy and hold instead.

Gambler's Fallacy

"This is the tendency to overweight the probability of an event because it hasn't recently occurred," says Vicki Bogan, associate professor at Cornell University.

Imagine a roulette wheel. If red comes up 15 times in a row, we think that black is due to hit soon. But every spin of the wheel carries the same exact odds and no greater likelihood of a different outcome. The same is true for the stock market. Over time, the probability of equities having an up year or a down year is about the same, regardless of the previous year's performance. That's true for individual stocks as well.

The remedy: When stocks go down, don't just assume they'll come back up. "You should be doing some analysis to see what's going on," Bogan says.

Recency Bias

You see the disclaimer on every fund prospectus: Past performance is no guarantee of future results. Our minds, however, tell us something different. "Most people think what has happened recently will continue to happen," Bhalla says. It's why investors will plow more money into a soaring stock market, when in fact they should be selling at least some of those appreciated shares. And if markets plummet, our brains tell us to run for the exits instead of buying when share prices are down.

The remedy: You can combat this impulse by creating a solid, balanced portfolio and rebalancing it every six months. That way, you sell the assets that have climbed and buy the ones that have fallen. "It forces us to act opposite to what our minds are telling us," he says.