Unless you spend your winters in Aspen and your summers in the Hamptons, you probably don’t have to worry about paying federal estate taxes on an inheritance. In 2021, the federal estate tax doesn’t kick in unless an estate exceeds $11.7 million. The Biden administration has proposed lowering the exemption, but even that proposal wouldn’t affect estates valued at less than about $6 million. (Some states have lower thresholds, however.)
But if you inherit an IRA from a parent, taxes on mandatory withdrawals could leave you with a smaller legacy than you expected. And as IRAs become an increasingly significant retirement savings tool—Americans held more than $13 trillion in IRAs in the second quarter of 2021—there’s a good chance you’ll inherit at least one account.
How the SECURE Act Changed Things
Before 2020, beneficiaries of inherited IRAs (or other tax-deferred accounts, such as 401(k) plans) could transfer the money into an account known as an inherited (or “stretch”) IRA and take withdrawals over their life expectancy. This enabled them to minimize withdrawals, which are taxed at ordinary income tax rates, and allow the untapped funds to grow.
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The Setting Every Community Up for Retirement Enhancement (SECURE) Act of 2019 put an end to that tax-saving strategy. Now, most adult children and other non-spouse heirs who inherit an IRA on or after January 1, 2020, have just two options: Take a lump sum or transfer the money to an inherited IRA that must be depleted within 10 years after the death of the original owner.
The 10-year rule doesn’t apply to surviving spouses. They can roll the money into their own IRA and allow the account to grow, tax-deferred, until they must take required minimum distributions, which start at age 72. (If the IRA is a Roth, they don’t have to take RMDs.) Alternatively, spouses can transfer the money into an inherited IRA and take distributions based on their life expectancy. The SECURE Act also created exceptions for non-spouse beneficiaries who are minors, disabled or chronically ill, or less than 10 years younger than the original IRA owner.
But IRA beneficiaries who aren’t eligible for these exceptions could end up with a hefty tax bill, especially if the 10-year withdrawal period coincides with years in which they have a lot of other taxable income.
The 10-year rule also applies to inherited Roth IRAs, but with an important difference. While you must still deplete the account in 10 years, the distributions are tax-free, as long as the Roth was funded at least five years before the original owner died. If you don’t need the money, waiting to take distributions until you’re required to empty the account will provide you with up to 10 years of tax-free growth, says Victor Schultz, president and chief fiduciary officer at Prairie Trust, a wealth management firm in Brookfield, Wis.
Don't Rush to Cash Out an Inherited IRA
Many heirs simply cash out their parents’ IRAs, but if you take a lump sum from a traditional IRA, you’ll owe taxes on the entire amount. Depending on the size of the account, that could kick you into a higher tax bracket.
Transferring the money to an inherited IRA will allow you to spread out the tax bill, albeit for a shorter period than the law previously allowed. Taking an annual distribution of one-tenth of the amount of the IRA, for example, would probably minimize the impact on your tax bill. But because the new rules don’t require annual distributions, you have some flexibility. If you’re planning to retire in a couple of years and expect your tax bracket to drop, for example, it may make sense to postpone taking withdrawals until you stop working, says Howard Hook, a certified financial planner with EKS Associates, in Princeton, N.J. Still another option is to wait until year 10 to withdraw the money, which would give you a decade of tax-deferred growth. On the downside, withdrawing all of the money at once could trigger a bracket-breaking tax bill.
If you choose to transfer the money to an inherited IRA, make sure the funds are rolled directly into your account. If you take the money as a check, the entire amount will be treated as a taxable distribution. And however you divide up your withdrawals, make sure you empty your account by December 31 of the 10th year following the year of the original IRA owner’s death to avoid a draconian penalty of 50% of the amount you should have withdrawn.
How the Step-Up Basis Helps
Happily, most other inherited assets are much less burdensome, at least as far as the IRS is concerned. In fact, you could owe little or no tax on real estate, bank accounts and investments that aren’t held in tax-deferred accounts. That’s because the cost basis for these assets is “stepped up” to their value on the day of the original owner’s death.
Say your father paid $50 for a share of stock and it was worth $250 on the day he died; your basis would be $250. If you sell the stock immediately, you won’t owe any taxes, but if you hold on to it, you’ll only owe taxes (or be eligible to claim a loss) on the difference between $250 and the sale price. President Biden has proposed eliminating the step-up for gains of more than $1 million ($2 million for a married couple), but the outlook for that plan is unclear. Previous efforts to curb the step-up have been unsuccessful, in part because of the potential difficulties heirs would encounter in determining the basis for stocks and other assets that were purchased many years ago.
The step-up also applies to the value of your family home (and any other property you inherit), a big benefit at a time when many older homeowners have seen the value of their homes skyrocket.
If you decide to keep inherited investments or property, you will owe taxes on the difference between the value of the assets on the day of the original owner’s death and the day you sell. If an inherited stock or fund is appropriate for your long-term investment strategy, you may want to hold on to it, says Crystal Cox, a CFP with Wealthspire Advisors, in Madison, Wis. If not, you’re probably better off selling it and investing the proceeds in investments that suit your risk tolerance and portfolio allocation.
Figuring out what to do with an inherited home is more complicated. Unless you decide to keep the house—which may mean buying out other heirs—you’ll need to sell it, which could take months. In the interim, make sure to pay property taxes, insurance premiums and other costs associated with maintaining the home. This task typically falls to the executor. (See What to Do When You're the Executor for details.)
How to Lower Taxes for Your Heirs
If you own a traditional IRA (or other tax-deferred account), there are steps you can take to lessen the tax burden on your heirs.
Consider your beneficiaries. The SECURE Act’s 10-year rule for inherited IRAs has several exceptions. In addition to spouses, other heirs can still stretch out withdrawals over their lifetime, including minor children, beneficiaries who are ill or chronically disabled, and heirs who are less than 10 years younger than you. You may want to name those individuals as beneficiaries of your IRA and leave other types of assets to heirs who would be subject to the 10-year rule.
If that’s not an option, consider the financial status of your beneficiaries. You may want to bequeath your IRA to an adult child who is in a low tax bracket, for instance, and give other assets to a child who earns a six-figure income.
Convert some funds in your traditional IRA to a Roth. Although Roths are also subject to the 10-year rule, distributions aren’t taxed. That’s a huge bonus for your heirs, but you must pay taxes on any funds you convert.
Before converting any funds, compare your tax rate with those of your heirs. If your tax rate is much lower, converting some of your IRA funds to a Roth could make sense. The math is less compelling if your heirs’ tax rate is lower than yours, particularly if a conversion could kick you into a higher tax bracket.
Be aware, too, that a large Roth conversion could trigger higher Medicare premiums and taxes on your Social Security benefits.
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