As a homeowner, you might have concerns about paying capital gains tax when you decide to sell your home.
Luckily, there's a tax provision known as the "Section 121 Exclusion" that can help you save on taxes following a home sale.
In simple terms, this capital gains tax exclusion enables homeowners who meet specific requirements to exclude up to $250,000 (or up to $500,000 for married couples filing jointly) of capital gains from the sale of their primary residence.
From just $107.88 $24.99 for Kiplinger Personal Finance
Be a smarter, better informed investor.
Sign up for Kiplinger’s Free Newsletters
Profit and prosper with the best of expert advice on investing, taxes, retirement, personal finance and more - straight to your e-mail.
Profit and prosper with the best of expert advice - straight to your e-mail.
That means if you sell your home for a gain of less than $250,000 (or $500,000 if married, filing jointly), you won't be obligated to pay capital gains tax on that amount.
However, there are certain criteria you must meet to qualify for the home sale exclusion. There are also several exceptions to the 121 exclusion rules.
Here is more of what you need to know to help determine whether you qualify.
Related: More Home Sellers Face Capital Gains Tax Bills
Avoiding capital gains tax: 121 home sale exclusion requirements
Primary residence: You must have owned and used the home as your primary residence for at least two of the five years leading up to the date of the sale.
The IRS allows you to have only one primary residence at a time, and the agency uses various factors to determine whether a home qualifies as a primary residence.
Notably, however, the two years don't have to be a consecutive, single block of time during the five years.
Frequency: You can only claim this exclusion once every two years. If you have already excluded gains from a previous home sale within the last two years, you'll need to wait before you can claim it again.
Eligible gains: The exclusion applies only to gains from your home's sale, not losses. Additionally, any portion of the profit exceeding the $250,000/$500,000 limit will be subject to capital gains tax.
Note: It's important to keep detailed records of your home sale, including the purchase price, any improvements made to the property, and expenses. These records will help you accurately calculate your capital gains and determine if you qualify for the exclusion.
Exceeding the limit: If your profit exceeds the exclusion limit, you will need to pay capital gains tax on the amount that surpasses the limit. For example, if you are single and your profit is $300,000, $50,000 of that profit ($300,000 to $250,000) would be subject to capital gains tax.
In that case, the tax rate you pay on the excess profit depends on your income and whether the gain is short-term or long-term. Generally, long-term capital gains tax rates are lower than ordinary income tax rates.
Exceptions to the capital gains home sale exclusion
There are several exceptions to IRS home sale exclusion rules.
For example, if you transfer a home to a spouse or ex-spouse, the IRS doesn’t consider that to be a gain or a loss.
- Other exceptions to the rules apply in situations involving U.S. military service members or when the primary home sale is a factor in separation, divorce or death of a spouse.
- Situations involving vacant land, destroyed homes, like/kind exchanges, or business or rental income generally trigger different tax rules, requirements and tax treatment.
For more information on these and other situations, see IRS Publication 523.
What about a partial home gain exclusion?
If you don't meet the maximum home sale exclusion eligibility, you might still qualify for a partial exclusion of gain.
For example, according to the IRS, you can meet the requirements for a partial exclusion if the main reason for your home sale was a change in workplace location, a health issue, or an unforeseeable event.
For more information on how partial home exclusions are calculated, you can find resources on IRS.gov or consult with a qualified and trusted financial adviser.
Reporting a home sale on your taxes
Typically, you'll receive Form 1099-S from the closing agent, which details the home sale.
This form is used to report proceeds from real estate transactions, and the IRS says you must include the information when filing your return, even if you have no taxable gain.
Always keep detailed records of your purchase price, improvements and selling expenses to support your claims for exclusions or deductions.
Remember that certain factors, such as any depreciation claimed for the home, can affect capital gains tax. It's also important to consider any state or local taxes that could apply to the sale of your home.
Consulting with a tax professional is a good idea if you need clarification on your eligibility or help navigating the complexities of tax laws. They can provide personalized advice based on your situation and ensure you take full advantage of any available tax benefits.
Is capital gains tax on home sales going away?
There's been some recent chatter from President Trump and on Capitol Hill about a new proposal to eliminate capital gains taxes on primary home sales.
The bill from Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene (R-Ga.) would end taxes on home sale profits altogether, with some exceptions.
Though at this time, the idea, for which Trump has indicated support, is still just a proposal. It's unclear how Congress will receive it.
For more information, see: No Capital Gains Tax on Home Sales Coming Soon?
What about state-level capital gains taxes on home sales?
While the federal capital gains tax home sale exclusion is uniform across the U.S., state-level taxation can vary. Some states, such as California, follow the federal rule, while others have their own regulations.
Check with your state's tax authority or a qualified tax professional to understand your obligations.
Related
-
Q3 2025 Post-Mortem From an Investment Adviser: Markets Continue to Climb, Gold ShinesThe third quarter saw market gains driven by Fed rate cuts and strong earnings, despite high valuations and concerns about speculative trading and job growth. Gold and international stocks could be potential hedges.
-
Moving Abroad? You Might Need a Cross-Border Financial AdviserIf you want to live in another country long term, you could benefit from an expert's guidance. Here's how to find a good qualified adviser to help with residency requirements, documentation, financial laws and tax impacts.
-
New Tax Rules: Income the IRS Won’t Touch in 2025Income Taxes From financial gifts to Roth withdrawal rules, here’s what income stays tax-free under the new Trump 2025 tax bill, and some information on what’s changed.
-
Three Popular Tax Breaks Are Gone for Good in 2026Tax Breaks Here's a list of federal tax deductions and credits that you can't claim in the 2026 tax year. Plus, high-income earners could get hit by a 'surprise' tax bill.
-
Tax Brackets 2025 Quiz: How Much Do You Know?Quiz Test your knowledge of IRS rules that impact how much money you keep in your wallet.
-
Retirees Face a Growing Capital Gains Tax Trap: What's Next?Home Sales A changing housing market and unchanged IRS exclusion amounts can add up to a headache for many homeowners. Will Congress offer a fix?
-
New York Inflation Refund Checks Are Coming Soon: What to Know NowTax Relief Inflation relief checks are on the way for over 8 million New York taxpayers. Here's a full breakdown of who gets a payment and when you may expect yours.
-
IRS Phasing Out Paper Checks: What Happens After September 30?Tax Changes Avoid delays when IRS tax refunds and Social Security paper checks are cut off. Here’s what to know.
-
The Most Tax-Friendly States for Investing in 2025 (Hint: There Are Two)State Taxes Living in one of these places could lower your 2025 investment taxes — especially if you invest in real estate.
-
The Final Countdown for Retirees with Investment IncomeRetirement Tax Don’t assume Social Security withholding is enough. Some retirement income may require a quarterly estimated tax payment by the September 15 deadline.
